The Soulflakes

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  UNIT-V DIASPORIC NOVEL   Diaspora The term "diaspora" comes from an ancient Greek word meaning "to scatter about". And that's exactly what the people of a diaspora do they scatter from their homeland to places across the globe, spreading their culture as they go. The Bible refers to the Diaspora of Jews exiled from Israel by the Babylonians.   ESSAY   1. Introduction The word 'diaspora' originally means "to scatter or sow across". Diasporas are characterized by the relationship between the dispersed people and their original homeland to which they crave to desert. It may be the forced or voluntary migration from one's homeland. The important paradox of diaspora is that dwelling 'here' assumes a connection 'there'.   2. Origin The Oxford English Dictionary traces its origin to a reference in the Old Testament to the dispersal of people of Israel across the world. The classic definition of diaspora thus refe...

  UNIT-V SCIENCE FICTION   Introduction Science Fiction is applied to those narratives in which an explicit attempt is made to render plausible the fictional world by reference to known or imagined scientific principle or to a projected advance in technology, or to a drastic change in the organization of society.   ESSAY 1. Introduction Science fiction encompasses novels that represent an imagined reality that is radically different in its nature and functioning from the world of our ordinary experience. Often the setting is another planet, or this earth projected into the future, or an imagined parallel universe.   2. 'Sci-fi Science fiction is a form of literary fantasy or romance that often draws upon earlier kinds of utopian writing. The term 'SF or Sci-fi' was first given by Hugo Garns-back, editor of the Amazing Stories.   3. Origin and Development Mary Shelley's remarkable Frankenstein (1818) is often considered a precursor of science fi...

  UNIT-V DETECTIVE NOVEL   Definition Detective Story A novel or short story in which the plot is based on the solution, by a detective, of the mystery surrounding a crime that has been committed.   ESSAY 1. Introduction Detective Novel is a story in which the principal action and focus of interest is the investigation of a crime by a detective figure, either professional or amateur. The emphasis in these stories lies upon the actions of a crime's perpetrator or victim.   2. Crime subject Conventionally, the crime should be an especially baffling case. It requires the uncommon ingenuity of the detective to find a solution. He should also be able to identify or pin the blame on the true perpetrator who commonly has an apparently safe alibi or has left a false trail incriminating others. Various kinds of crimes are possible subjects, although murder and perfectly multiple murder involving the elimination of witnesses to the original crime, has been foun...

  UNIT-V SOCIAL NOVEL   Introduction The Social Novel emphasizes the influence of the Social and economic conditions of an era on shaping characters and determining events. (e.g. Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin).   ESSAY 1. Introduction A Social Novel is a form of the 'problem novel" which centres its principal attention on the nature, function and effect of the society in which the characters live and on the social forces playing upon them. Usually the social novel presents a thesis and argues for it as a resolution to a social problem.   2. Examination of social issues Usually the social or sociological novel presents a thesis (sometimes called thesis novel) and argues for it as a resolution to a social problem. Social novel is a phrase used to describe mid-19th century fiction which examined specific abuses and hardships that affected the working classes.   3. Dickens’ focus on social evils Novels dealing with the social problems...

 UNIT V NOVEL HISTORICAL NOVEL   Introduction A novel in which the characters, setting and actions are based on the records of a locality, a nation or a people. Although history has always been used in fiction, the historical novel, as such, did not appear until well into the eighteenth century. Among the well-known writers of historical novels are Sir Walter Scott, William Makepeace Thackeray and Charles Rede.   ESSAY 1. Introduction Historical novel is a narrative which utilizes history to present an imaginative reconstruction of events, using either fictional or historical personages or both. While considerable latitude is permitted to the historical novelist, he generally attempts, sometimes aided by considerable research, to recreate, with some accuracy the pageantry and drama of the events he deals with.   2. Historical facts forms the background The historical novel is based on the historical facts out all that is described in a historical no...

Unit-IV READER RESPONSE CRITICISM Introduction As the name suggests this group of approaches focuses on the reader's role in interpreting the text. This is not always to say that meaning is dependent upon the reader's individual life experiences, which might generate a subjective appreciation or disapproval of a text, but that it is up to the reader to recognize the codes of a text which will establish its meaning. Meaning lies in the text but this must be completed by the reader. 1. Reader-response theory This approach in criticism focuses on the reader's role in interpreting the text, by attempting to describe what goes on in the reader's mind during the reading of a text. Hence, the consciousness of the reader produced by reading the work is the actual subject of reader-response criticism. These critics are not after a 'correct reading of the text or what the author supposed to be intended; instead, they are interested in the reader's Individual exper...

Unit-IV   DECONSTRUCTION Introduction A method of literary criticism developed by Jacques Derrida and characterised by multiple conflicting interpretations of a given work. Deconstructionists consider the impact of the language of a work and suggest that the true meaning of the work is not necessarily the meaning that the author intended. The Beginning: Jacques Derrida inaugurated Deconstruction in the 1960s which questions the fundamental conceptual distinctions or oppositions. Derrida questions sign and structure in his work “Structure, Sign and Play in the discourse of Humanities” (1969). The Theory: • It is a radical destabilization of movements of literature. • It is philosophy oriented. • It adds a clear understanding of literature with a critical sense. • For Derrida language is not a reliable mode of communication. Language is fluid and Slippery • One Signified is referring to a chain of signifiers. So, language consists of a chain of signifiers. •...

Unit-IV ECO-CRITICISM Introduction Eco criticism" was a term coined in the late 1970s combining "Criticism" with a shortened form of "ecology" the science that investigates the interrelations of all forms of plant and animal life with each other and with their physical habitats. 1. Write an account of ecocriticism and its environmental implications. 1. Introduction Ecocriticism is literary and cultural criticism from an environmentalist viewpoint. Ecocriticism identifies the critical writings that explore the relations between literature and biological and physical environment, conducted with an acute awareness of the damage being caused on that environment by human activities. 2. Development In America, an early instance of nature writing was William Bertram's Travels (1791); among its successors was a classic of this genre, Henry David Thoreau's Walden (7854). By the mid-nineteenth century, Thoreau and other writers in America and Englan...

Unit-III FEMINIST CRITICISM Introduction It is an approach to literature that seeks to correct or supplement what may be regarded as a predominantly male-dominated critical perspective with a feminist consciousness. Feminist criticism places literature in a social context and uses a broad range of disciplines including history, sociology, psychology and linguistics, to provide a perspective sensitive to feminist issues. Feminist theories also attempt to understand representation from a woman's point of view and to explain women's writing strategies as specific to their social conditions. 1. Describe the main theme of feminism. 1. Introduction Feminist literary criticism aims to study the ways in which cultural representations, like literature, undermine and reinforce the economic, social, political and psychological suppression and oppression of women in society. The 'women's movement' of the 1960s began in order to spread its ideals of freedom and equalit...